Abstract
The
antimicrobial properties of the ethanolic and aqueous extract of Cyperus esculentus on four human
pathogens, E.coli, Klebsiella sp, Salmonella spp, Pseudomonas spp,were
studied using disc diffusion techniques. Different concentrations of the extracts
were used to assess their activity. The extract showed excellent inhibitory
effect on the isolates at concentration of 100mg/ml to 60mg/m for ethanolic
extract while aqueous extract were only active to E.coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, at concentration of 100mg/ml to
80mg/ml but resistance to Salmonella
at all concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated
for each extracts against the tested organisms and the result revealed a slight
variation in concentration needed for the required activities against the
tested organisms.The qualitative phytochemical screening of Cyperus
esculentus revealed the presence of
phenol (+++), Tannins (+++) being the most abundant , followed by Flavonoid
(++) , Alkaloid and Saponin revealing the level of the Bioactive ingredient
responsible for the antibacterial effect . The antimicrobial effects of these
extracts indicates that it may be used as an alternative of bacterial
infections.
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
There is growing interest in exploiting
plants for medical purposes especially in Africa. Traditional medicine continues to provide
health coverage for over 80% of the world population, especially in the
developing world (Ehaise and Okoruwa, 2001). Plants are the major constituents
of readily available in rural areas and this has made it relatively cheaper
than orthodox medicine (Abo et al., 2008).
This upsurge in the prevalence of side effects of many synthetic antimicrobial
agents and incidence of multi- drug resistant bacteria and pests has spurred
scientist into the research for plant based antimicrobial of therapeutic and pesticide
potentials (Idu et al., 2009).
The use of plant whether herbs, shrubs or
tree, in parts or white in the treatment and management of diseases date back
to pre-historic time’s plant. Extracts here been used in folk medicinal
practices for the treatment of different types of ailments since antiquity
(Chukwuka et al., 2011). These
medicinal plants here immensely contributed to the development of human health
and welfare. Concomitantly, there is an increase in data and huge patronage to
herbal products around the world. (Okigbo and Ojbonnaya, 2006).
Medicinal plant such as Cyperus esculentus has been asserted to
provide various culinary and medicinal properties. The medicinal properties
exert bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on some bacteria. These effects
have been attributed to the peptides, alkaloids, essential oils, phenols and
flavonoids which are major components in these plants (Okigbo and Igwe, 2007). Cyperus esulentus belongs to the family
Cyperaceae, commonly known as “Chufa”. It is naturally used in the treatment of
different diseases which include diarrhea, intentional inflammation, boil, mouth
and gum ulcers urinary tract infections etc. Cyperus esculentus is most frequently found inhabiting wet marshes and edges of streams and ponds
where it grows in coarse turts (Saxena, 2001). Some of the vernacular names in
Nigeria include: (Aya) Hausa, (Imumu) Yuruba, (Ofio) Igbo. Common names
include: Zulunut , yellow nut, ground almond, chufa, edible rush. The Cyperus esculentus oil (extract) has
been described to be active against several species of bacteria and fungi.
These include Listeria monocytogence, Shegella,
Salmonella and Protents, for fungi
Trichopyton rubrum, Trichopyton mentagronphytes, Cryptococcus neottormans, Penicllium islandicum and Candida albicans (Akinyeni et al., 2004; lopz et al., 2005).
From recent findings, Cyperus esculentus has proved to be
useful in the medication for people living with human immo Deficiency virus
(HIV), and Acquired immo Deficiency virus (AIDS) (Eluyaba, 2000). Cyperus
esculentus is used for diabetic, stomach pain, heart disease and used in
treatment of boil, common cool and poliomyelitis (Nweze et at., 2004). Enteric bacteria such as salmonella, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Shigella, Protents,
Enterobacter, serratia, Citrobacter and Staphylococcus aureus are organisms associated with the
gastrointestinal tract of men and
animals and other environment, it has been found to be normal flora of upper
respiratory tract and vagina , but are pathogenic in nature when their position
are being influenced. Therefore this research is to assess the antimicrobial
property of cyperus esculentus (tiger nut) in human gastro intestinal pathogen.
1.1 Aim and Objective of Tiger nut
Ø To
isolate characterized and identify Gastrointestinal pathogen from stool sample
Ø To
assess the antimicrobial activity of Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus) against
some of the isolates.
Ø To
determine the phytochemical components of tiger nut (cyperus esculentus)
1.2
Scope and Limitation
This research work was to determine the
antimicrobial potentials of tiger nut. (cyperus esculentus). The limitations of
this research include non availability of special extraction machine to
facilitate the extraction process. Time factor was another limitation as this
research was done within few weeks. Financial constraint was also a problem.
1.3
Significant of the Study
The research work was carried out to
unravel the important of using tiger nut due to its medicinal, antimicrobials
and nutritional properties.
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