PRODUCTION OF TOP-BOND FROM COW BONE AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS QUALITY PARAMETERS

ABSTRACT

The production of top-bond using cattle bone waste and the assessment of the quality parameters like moisture content, pH, density, ash content and viscosity were carried out using standard analytical method. The result revealed the moisture content of the produced glue to be (17.5%) ash content (7.4%) and density (1.53g/cm3). These results when compared with glue standard having 8-16% for moisture, ash contain (2-5%) and density (1.270g/cm3) reflected higher values. However the pH (5.0) and viscosity (47.80cp) recorded lower values when compared to glue standard values of (5.0-8.0) for pH and 80.00cp for viscosity. An indication that the glue produced compared favorably with standard glue and can be used as an adhesive.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction

1.1     Background of the study

Animal glues are natural polymers derived from mammalian or fish collagen, the major structural protein constituent of skins, connective tissue, cartilage and bones. These glues are organic colloidal substance of varying appearance, chemical composition and physical properties. It occurs in a wide variety of forms and colour, with the colours ranging from all shades of white, yellow and brown. Animal glue has existed since ancient times as archeological discoveries indicate that the Egyptians used glue as an adhesive more than 400 years ago. Greeks and Romans letter used animal and fish glue to develop of veneering and marquetry, the bonding of thin section or layers of wood (Petukhova, 2000).

While China utilized fish, ox and stay horns to produce adhesives and binders for pigment. Adhesives may be found naturally or produced synthetically. Adhesive of animal origin are synthetic and have been found to be non-toxic bio degradable and economically friendly. On the other hand, natural glues are derived from animal and vegetables sources like bones, casein, blood albumen, collagen, starch, gums; cellulose etc. Bones constitute the major solid waste generated from abattoir operation in the processing of edible portions of slaughtered animals for consumption (Aniebo et al., 2011).

These wastes are disposed in ways that have been reported to cause the pollution of surface and underground waters and air quality (Odoemelam and Ajunwa, 2008) as well as affect the health of residents living within the vicinity of the abattoirs when the bone are burned. The inefficient management of the bones are generated particularly at Obo Annang market in Essien Udim has created a variety of problems that endangers the health of the public  and the environment as a whole. Therefore this work was designed to utilize the waste bones generated for the production of glue as this will serve as an effective means of removing the waste from the environment as well as create wealth.

1.2     Aims and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this work is to produce glue from waste cow bones generated from Obo Annang abattoir and is guided by the following objectives:

i. To produce glue from waste cow bone generated from Obo Annang abattoir

ii. To ascertain the quality of the glue such as moisture content, pH, density,      ash content and viscosity.

iii. To compare the value obtained with values of standard glue.

1.3     Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of this study covers the production and quality indicator test of top bond using cow bone as raw material, and is limited only to the production and assessment of quality parameters due to financial constraint.

1.4     Definition of Terms

Top-Bond: - This is a white high-quality water based adhesive.

Adhesive: - This is any non metallic substance applied to one or both surface of two separate items which binds them together and resists their separation.

Open-Time: - This is amount of time the glue remains liquid and workable.

Isoelectric Point: - This is the pH at which all positive and negative charges within the molecules are balanced and the molecules carries no net electrical charge.

Isinglass: - this is a form of gelatin obtained from the air bladder of the sturgeon and certain other fish, used in adhesive.

Get The Complete Material(s)

This complete research project/material, analysis and references can be gotten at a pocket friendly price of ₦2,500. Be rest assured dear researcher that you are highly valued and therefore your good grade is our concern and we are determined to help you achieve that. For further inquiries call 08166605166 or 08071582754.

PAYMENT OPTION 1: BANK DEPOSIT/TRANSFER PAYMENTS

For Direct bank deposits, ATM/online transfers (Amount ₦2,500).

Bank: First Bank Plc (FBN)

Account Name: ORONUBONG, HUDSON HORACE.

Account Number: 3057200582.

Account Type: Savings.

Amount: ₦2,500

Bank: Diamond 

Account Name: ORONUBONG, HUDSON HORACE.

Account Number: 0045539740

Account Type: Savings.

Amount: ₦2,500.